التّكامل بين الحكم الشّرعي والمفهوم الطّبي: دراسة تحليليّة لميراث الخنثى: Integrating Islamic Ruling and the Medical Concept: A Study of the Hermaphrodite Inheritance

Raouane Azziz; Ruhi Fadzlyana Jailani; Mualimin Mochammad Sahid

doi:10.7187/GJAT122022-11

Authors

Raouane Azziz Faculty of Syariah and Law, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7692-9930
Ruhi Fadzlyana Jailani Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0340-2318
Mualimin Mochammad Sahid Faculty of Syariah and Law, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7692-9930

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7187/GJAT122022-11

Keywords:

the inheritance, the heritage, the hermaphrodite, Disorders of sexual development

Abstract

Determining the gender of the heirs is important in the ruling of Islamic inheritance. Hence, Muslim jurists made efforts in determining the gender of hermaphrodites. Taking the safer position, the common practice is for the inheritance to be divided into two: the greater part of the share is withheld and the lesser portion is given out to the hermaphroditic inheritors along with their heirs until their gender is certified. This typically leads to disagreements among the jurists, hence, subsequently leading to a tedious process of certification. This protracted disagreement combined with a much prolonged certification process may harm the inheritors’ right due to the delay in judgement. This research aims to define the biological identity of a hermaphrodite and determine his sex according to the medical concept, as well as integrating the methods adopted by Muslim scholars to solve the issue of hermaphrodite inheritance. Both descriptive and analytical approaches are used in ensuring accurate knowledge transfer and trust in attribution. This research has found that the medical definition of a hermaphrodite is the most accurate and the most correct to end the dispute when dividing inheritance. Hence, this opens a wider area for further research that relies on medical information as evidence to be taken when studying Islamic legal rulings in ensuring the cohesion of society by preserving the rights of its members and maintaining their material and moral properties.

References

Abi Abdul Rahman, Muhammad Bin Abdu Allah. (1328h). Taqrir Al-mabahith Fi Ahkam Al-warth. Haydar Abad:Al-matba`a.

Al-Bayhaqi, Ahmad Ibn Al-Husain. (2003). Al-Sunan al-Kubra. Tahqiq: Muhammad Abdullah Al-Qadeer, Beirut-Lebanon: Dar Al-kotob Al-ilmiyah. Al-taba`ah Al-thalitha.

Al-jurjani, Ali Ahmad bin Ali. (1421h). Al-ttariyfat, Tahqiq:an Muhammad Basil Euyun Al-ssod Beirut-Lebanon: Dar Al-kotob Al-ilmiyah.

Al-kasani, ‘ala al-din. (1986). Badayi’ As-sana’ fi tartib ash-shar’a. Beirut: Dar Al-Kutub Al-‘Imiya.

Al-Qarafi, Shihab Al-din. (1994). Adh-Dhakhira. Beirut: Dar Al-Gharb Al'islami.

Al-Qurtubi, Abu Eabd Allah Muhammad Abn Ahmd,. 1(1427h). Al-jamie li'ahkam Al-qurani, Tahqiq: Eabd Allah Eabd Al-muhsin Al-ttrky, Beirut:musisih Al-rsalh.

An-Nawawi, Yahya bin Sharaf. (2003). Rawdat At-Talibiyn. Ar-Riyad: Dar ‘Alam Al-Kutub

Abn Ibn ManthurManzur, (N.D). Lisan Al-`arab , Al-qahira: Dar Al-ma`arif.

Ibn Qudamah, Muwafaq Al-ddiyn Abdu Allah Bin Ahmad. (1417h). Al-mughni, Tahqiq: Abdu Allah eabd almuhsin alturki w eabd alfattah Muhamad Al-hulw, Al-riyad: Dar Ealam Al-kutb, Al-taba`ah Al-thalitha.

Ibn Ruchad, Mohamad bin Ahmad. (1982). Bidayat Al-Mujtahid Wa Nihayat Al-Maqtasid

Ibrahim Bin Abdu Allh Ibrahim, (1999). Al-`athab Al-fayyath Sharah Eumdat Al-farith, Tahqiq: Muhammad Omar Al-damiati, Beirut-Lebanon: Dar Al-kotob Al-ilmiyah.

Salih, Al-Bin Fawzan, (1408h). Al-tahqiqat Al-maradiyuh fi Al-mubahith Al-furadayh, Al-seudih: Matbueat Jamieat Al-imam Muhammad Bin Sueud al-islamih, Al-taba`ah Al-thalitha.

Medical References

Ahmed, S. F., & Rodie, M. (2010). Investigation and initial management of ambiguous genitalia. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 24(2), 197-218.

Audí, L., Ahmed, S. F., Krone, N., Cools, M., McElreavey, K., Holterhus, P. M., ... & McGowan, R. (2018). Genetics in Endocrinology: Approaches to molecular genetic diagnosis in the management of differences/disorders of sex development (DSD): position paper of EU COST Action BM 1303 ‘DSDnet’. European Journal of Endocrinology, 179(4), R197-R206.

Badrol, M. A. B. M., Awang, A. B. B., Haneef, S. S. S., & Zainuddin, A. A. (2018). The Gaps in Fatwā on Intersex Corrective Surgery: Some Reflections in the Context of Malaysia. Intellectual Discourse, 26(1), 75-89.

Brenner, S. J., DaRugna, O. A., & McWilliams, S. R. (2019). Observations of certain breeding behaviors in a bilateral gynandromorph Eastern Towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus). The Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 131(3), 625-628.

Choi HK, Cho KS, Lee HW, Kim KS: MR Imaging of Intersexuality. Radiographics 1998;18:83–96.

Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., & Pfäfflin, F. (2010). The DSM diagnostic criteria for gender identity disorder in adolescents and adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(2), 499-513.

Dunne, P., & Mulder, J. (2018). Beyond the Binary: Towards a Third Sex Category in Germany?. German Law Journal, 19(3), 627-648.

Ergun-Longmire, B., Vinci, G., Alonso, L., Matthew, S., Tansil, S., Lin-Su, K., ... & New, M. I. (2005). Clinical, hormonal and cytogenetic evaluation of 46, XX males and review of the literature. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, 18(8), 739-748.

Felix A. Conte, Elvin M. Grumbach. (2003). Diagnosis and Management of Ambiguous External Genitalia. The Endocrinologist. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Guerra-Junior, G., Andrade, K. C., Barcelos, I. H., & Maciel-Guerra, A. T. (2018). Imaging techniques in the diagnostic journey of disorders of sex development. Sexual Development, 12(1-3), 95-99.

Haneef, S. S. S., & Majid, M. Z. H. A. (2015). Medical management of infant intersex: The juridico‐ethical dilemma of contemporary islamic legal response. Zygon, 50(4), 809-829.

Hughes, I. A., Houk, C., Ahmed, S. F., Lee, P. A., & Society, L. W. P. E. (2006). Consensus statement on management of intersex disorders. Journal of Pediatric Urology, 2(3), 148-162.

Lee, M. M., Misra, M., Donahoe, P. K., & MacLaughlin, D. T. (2003). MIS/AMH in the assessment of cryptorchidism and intersex conditions. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 211(1-2), 91-98.

McGraw-Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine. (2002), The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Mohamed, M. S., & Noor, S. N. M. (2015). Islamic bioethical deliberation on the issue of newborns with Disorders of Sex Development. Science and Engineering Ethics, 21(2), 429-440.

Nor, N. S. M., & Jalaludin, M. Y. (2016). A rare 47 XXY/46 XX mosaicism with clinical features of Klinefelter syndrome. International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2016(1), 11.

Ogilvy-Stuart, A. L., & Brain, C. E. (2004). Early assessment of ambiguous genitalia. Archives of disease in childhood, 89(5), 401-407.

Zainuddin, A. A., & Mahdy, Z. A. (2017). The Islamic perspectives of gender-related issues in the management of patients with disorders of sex development. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(2), 353-360.